Physical Geology
Branches of Geology.
Earth as a Planet
Its shape, size, and density. Origin and age of Earth. Geological processes – exogenic and endogenic,– Types of weathering of rocks – physical and chemical- Erosion and agents of erosion.
Its shape, size, and density. Origin and age of Earth. Geological processes – exogenic and endogenic,– Types of weathering of rocks – physical and chemical- Erosion and agents of erosion.
Rivers:
(fluvial) cycle, land forms by river erosion and deposition. V-shaped valley, meander, ox-bow lake.
(fluvial) cycle, land forms by river erosion and deposition. V-shaped valley, meander, ox-bow lake.
Glaciers:
Types of glaciers, typical land forms by glacial erosion and deposition – cirque, U-shaped valley, monadnocks, moraines, eskers.
Types of glaciers, typical land forms by glacial erosion and deposition – cirque, U-shaped valley, monadnocks, moraines, eskers.
Groundwater:
Porosity, permeability aquifer, water table, zone of saturation, artesian well, spring, geysers , karst topography, sinkhole, cavern, stalactities and stalagmites.
Porosity, permeability aquifer, water table, zone of saturation, artesian well, spring, geysers , karst topography, sinkhole, cavern, stalactities and stalagmites.
Seas:
Offshore profile – land forms of sea – lacustrine deposits,
Offshore profile – land forms of sea – lacustrine deposits,
Wind:
Characteristic features by wind erosion and deposition – pedestal rock, epi orogenic and orogenic movements – mountains, geosyncline.
Characteristic features by wind erosion and deposition – pedestal rock, epi orogenic and orogenic movements – mountains, geosyncline.
Earthquakes:
Causes, kinds of earthquake waves, Ritchers scale – seismograph and scismogram, Interior of the earth.
Causes, kinds of earthquake waves, Ritchers scale – seismograph and scismogram, Interior of the earth.
Volcanoes:
Origin, products of Volcanoes.
Origin, products of Volcanoes.
Crystallography:
Morphology of crystals.
Morphology of crystals.
Forms:
Simple, combination, closed, and open forms.
Simple, combination, closed, and open forms.
Symmetry:
Plane, axis, centre, crystallographic axes, crystallographic notation – parameter system of Weiss, index system of Miller.Classification of crystals into seven systems.Morphological study of the normal class of seven crystal systems.
Plane, axis, centre, crystallographic axes, crystallographic notation – parameter system of Weiss, index system of Miller.Classification of crystals into seven systems.Morphological study of the normal class of seven crystal systems.
Mineralogy:
Physical properties of minerals. isomorphism, solid solution, polymorphism, pseudomorphism, silicate structure. Study of physical properties, chemical properties and mode of occurrence of the following mineral groups.nesosilicate-Olivine, Garnet, aluminum silicates, sorosilicate- Epidote, cyclosilicate-Beryl, inosilicate-Pyroxene; Amphibole, phyllosilicate -Mica, Hydrous magnesium silicate-tektosilicate- Feldspars, Feldspathoids and quartz.
Physical properties of minerals. isomorphism, solid solution, polymorphism, pseudomorphism, silicate structure. Study of physical properties, chemical properties and mode of occurrence of the following mineral groups.nesosilicate-Olivine, Garnet, aluminum silicates, sorosilicate- Epidote, cyclosilicate-Beryl, inosilicate-Pyroxene; Amphibole, phyllosilicate -Mica, Hydrous magnesium silicate-tektosilicate- Feldspars, Feldspathoids and quartz.
Miscellaneous minerals:
Calcite, Corundum, Apatite, talc.
Calcite, Corundum, Apatite, talc.
Optical Mineralogy:
Petrological microscope, mechanical and optical parts. Isotropic and anisotropic minerals, crossed nicols – extinction, pleochroism, optical properties of important minerals, Garnet, Quartz, Plagioclase, Olivine, Hornblende, Biotite.
Petrological microscope, mechanical and optical parts. Isotropic and anisotropic minerals, crossed nicols – extinction, pleochroism, optical properties of important minerals, Garnet, Quartz, Plagioclase, Olivine, Hornblende, Biotite.
Igneous Rocks:
Intrusive and extrusive forms, structures and textures of Igneous rocks, plutonic, hypabyssal and volcanic rocks, sills, laccolith, bysmalith, lopolith, dykes, phacoliths and batholiths. uni-component magma, binary system, Bowen’s reaction principle. CIPW classification of Igneous rocks. Descriptive study of following rock types - Granite, Gabbro, Peridodite, Dunite, Dolerite, Rhyolite, Trachyte, and Basalt.
Intrusive and extrusive forms, structures and textures of Igneous rocks, plutonic, hypabyssal and volcanic rocks, sills, laccolith, bysmalith, lopolith, dykes, phacoliths and batholiths. uni-component magma, binary system, Bowen’s reaction principle. CIPW classification of Igneous rocks. Descriptive study of following rock types - Granite, Gabbro, Peridodite, Dunite, Dolerite, Rhyolite, Trachyte, and Basalt.
Sedimentary Rocks:
Sedimentary structures. Classification of Sedimentary Rocks - clastic, non-clastic rocks, Conglomerate, Breccia, Sandstone, Shale, Limestone. Metamorphic Rocks - Agents of metamorphism, types of metamorphism, textures and structures of metamorphic rocks. classification of metamorphic rocks, metasomatism, Gneiss, Schist, Slate, Quartzite, Marble, Charanockite and Khondalite.
Sedimentary structures. Classification of Sedimentary Rocks - clastic, non-clastic rocks, Conglomerate, Breccia, Sandstone, Shale, Limestone. Metamorphic Rocks - Agents of metamorphism, types of metamorphism, textures and structures of metamorphic rocks. classification of metamorphic rocks, metasomatism, Gneiss, Schist, Slate, Quartzite, Marble, Charanockite and Khondalite.
Structural Geology:
Primary and secondary structures; strike, dip and apparent dip, clinometer. Folds, nomenclature of folds.–Classification of Joints and Faults. Unconformities – types of Unconformities, cleavage, schistosity, foliation and lineation.
Primary and secondary structures; strike, dip and apparent dip, clinometer. Folds, nomenclature of folds.–Classification of Joints and Faults. Unconformities – types of Unconformities, cleavage, schistosity, foliation and lineation.
Palaeontology:
Modes of preservation and uses of fossils. Morphology of phylum Brachiopod, Mollusca and Arthropoda – study of Turritella, Pecten, Graphyea, Nautilus, Ammonoids, Bellemnites. Plant fossils - Glossopteris, Gangamopteris.
Modes of preservation and uses of fossils. Morphology of phylum Brachiopod, Mollusca and Arthropoda – study of Turritella, Pecten, Graphyea, Nautilus, Ammonoids, Bellemnites. Plant fossils - Glossopteris, Gangamopteris.
Indian Geology:
Standard geological time scale. Physiographic divisions of India. Systems, Archaen, Cuddapah, Vindhyan, and Gondwana and Deccan Traps.
Standard geological time scale. Physiographic divisions of India. Systems, Archaen, Cuddapah, Vindhyan, and Gondwana and Deccan Traps.
Economic Geology:
Ore minerals, gangue, tenor, syngenetic deposits, epigenetic deposits. Study of ore deposits with respect to their mineralogy, mode of occurrence, distribution in India of - Gold, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Aluminum, Iron, Chromium, Uranium. Distribution of Industrial, minerals in India for the following industries - Cement, Ceramic, Glass.
Ore minerals, gangue, tenor, syngenetic deposits, epigenetic deposits. Study of ore deposits with respect to their mineralogy, mode of occurrence, distribution in India of - Gold, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Aluminum, Iron, Chromium, Uranium. Distribution of Industrial, minerals in India for the following industries - Cement, Ceramic, Glass.
Fossil fuels:
Coal, origin and types of Coal – Coal deposits of India. Oil and Natural Gas: Origin, migration and distribution in India, Beach sands: Monazite, Ilmenite. Mineral resources of Andhra Pradesh.
Coal, origin and types of Coal – Coal deposits of India. Oil and Natural Gas: Origin, migration and distribution in India, Beach sands: Monazite, Ilmenite. Mineral resources of Andhra Pradesh.
